##<div class="center">The Michigan State University [[Campus Archaeology Program]] presents:</div>
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Saints%20Rest%20Banner.png" alt="This image shows a banner introducing you to the introduction to archaeology twine." style="max-width: 70%;">
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###Welcome to our Introduction to Archaeology Twine!
Public outreach and pedagogy is a huge emphasis of our work at MSU's [[Campus Archaeology Program (CAP)|Campus Archaeology Program]], as many of you may know from (link: "our biweekly blog series")[(goto-url: "https://campusarch.msu.edu/?cat=31")], (link: "our artifact of the week series")[(goto-url: " https://campusarch.msu.edu/?page_id=8718")], our annual and (link: "virtual Archaeology and Apparitions Tour")[(goto-url: " http://campusarch.msu.edu/hauntedtour/")], and our annual MSU SciFest involvement.
While we hold a (link: " bi-annual field school for undergraduate students at MSU")[(goto-url: " https://campusarch.msu.edu/?page_id=273")], we have yet to create a public resource on conducting archaeology. And as archaeology is quite different than movies (//cough cough// Indiana Jones and Tomb Raider) make it appear, join us to learn more about the nuances of archaeology, excavation, and check out our own example of work at MSU’s Saints’ Rest to see these principles in action!
So let’s dive in and learn more about Archaeology!
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Archaeology Example Using Saints’ Rest|Saints’ Rest]]
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[[Twine References]]
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</style>##<div class="center">Campus Archaeology Program</div>
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Handdrawn%20Circle%20Logo_Transparent_around_circle.png" alt="Image of CAP logo" style="max-width: 50%;">
The MSU Campus Archaeology Program (CAP) was founded in 2007, two years after the [[Saints' Rest field school|2005 Saints' Rest Field School]]. This field school, talked about in this Twine, revealed the rich history located just beneath our feet on MSU's campus, as well as a need for proper archaeological techniques to mitigate and protect these historic landmarks and [[artifacts|Artifacts]].
Today, CAP archaeologists work closely with numerous organizations, including the MSU Infrastructure, Planning, and Facilities (IPF) to assist with any construction work on campus. CAP also partners with the MSU Archives and Historical Collections to document, interpret, and share MSU’s vibrant history. With the proper resources, CAP increases the public understanding of MSU’s cultural heritage through contribution to academic journals, developing outreach opportunities throughout the community, and presenting our research and findings on campus in creative ways, including events like our virtual choose your-own-adventure Twines.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/cap.jpg" alt="Image of 2021 CAP Crew." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//@Nick Shrader//</div>
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IPF plans, builds, and maintains the physical environment for the university’s education, research, and outreach missions. The great working relationship between CAP and IPF allows CAP to learn about these projects before they begin so they can plan the best way to mitigate any risk to archaeological deposits. The combination of archaeological survey, monitoring construction, and archival research will ensure that CAP is doing everything that it can to protect MSU’s archaeological heritage (Painter 2018a, 2018b; CAP 2020)!
MSU Archives and Historical Collections helps provide CAP with the resources to understand the history of particular places on campus, including its past occupants, activities, or structures and what materials, if any, may be buried and mostly forgotten.
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Check out the CAP website to learn more about their work on MSU's campus!
Webpage: (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/")]
Or check out any of CAP's social media pages!
Twitter: (link: "@capmsu")[(goto-url: "https://twitter.com/capmsu?lang=en")]
Instagram: (link: "@capmsu")[(goto-url: "https://www.instagram.com/capmsu/?hl=en")]
Facebook: (link: "@capmsu")[(goto-url: "https://www.facebook.com/capmsu")]
YouTube: (link: "MSU CAP YouTube Channel")[(goto-url: "https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6MpWkRZHbDs7ZhTxwGnhfw")]
Sketchfab: (link: "CAP's Sketchfab account")[(goto-url: "https://sketchfab.com/tags/campus-archaeology")]
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#Artifacts
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/mabel.jpg" alt="This photo shows a doll, nicknamed Mabel, found at the 2015 West Circle Privy." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//A doll nicknamed Mabel, recovered from the [[2015 West Circle Privy]] (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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''Artifacts'' are objects made by a human being, and are typically an item of cultural or historical interest [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. They encompass a wide variety of objects and depend on the time period of a particular [[site|Sites]]. For example, at [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], we work with a ton of historical artifacts, including nails, brick, pottery, toys, shoes, and much more!
To get a sense of how artifacts can tell a story, look at (link: "CAP's Archaeology of MSU in 20 Artifacts")[(goto-url: " http://campusarch.msu.edu/?page_id=6943")]!
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##Archaeology
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Archaeology is one of the four subdisciplines of [[anthropology|Anthropology]].
''Archaeology'' is the scientific study of human activity through the [[recovery|Archaeological Fieldwork]] and analysis of material culture [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. The archaeological record consists of [[artifacts|Artifacts]], [[features|Features]], [[biofacts or ecofacts|Biofacts]], [[sites|Sites]], and [[cultural landscapes|Cultural Landscapes]].
Branches of archaeology include, but are not limited to:
0. [[Historical Archaeology]]
0. [[Prehistoric Archaeology]]
0. [[Bioarchaeology]]
0. [[Forensic Archaeology]]
0. [[Zooarchaeology]]
0. [[Cultural Resource Management]]
Unlike what we see in the Indian Jones movies, archaeology follows a very precise and strategic process. We are not just digging to find treasure, but are undergoing research in order to better understand a research question or problem. Therefore, we follow set [[steps of archaeology|Steps of Archaeology]].
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[[Steps of Archaeology]]
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[[Archaeological Fieldwork]]
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---##<div class="center">Saints' Rest</div>
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<img src="https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/162-565-3901/A000895.jpg" alt="This photograph shows students clearing the land around Saints' Rest. The text on the back of the photograph reads: "Built 1857. Burned 1876." Image courtesy of MSU Archives and Historical Collections." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//This photograph shows students clearing the land around Saints' Rest. The text on the back of the photograph reads: "Built 1857. Burned 1876." Image courtesy of MSU Archives and Historical Collections.//</div>
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Saints’ Rest was the first dormitory on campus. Constructed in 1857, it allowed students to live close to both their classes and fellow classmates. The building was constructed to house 56 students, but with increasing enrollment over the years, eventually over 80 young men were crammed into its rooms. A lack of funds meant that structural upkeep lagged, leaving the building in poor condition as the years went on [[(Kuhn 1955:53)|Twine References]].
In the winter of 1876, while students were on break, the building burned down [[(Kuhn 1955:83-87)|Twine References]]. The foundation was filled in with the debris, and its location marked only by a small stone plaque.
Not only was this the first dormitory on MSU's campus, but it also sparked the creation of [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] back in 2007!
This [[site|Sites]] is extremely important to MSU's and [[CAP's|Campus Archaeology Program]] history, and with its multiple archaeological excavations over the years, it is a great example to demonstrate how we might approach our [[Steps of Archaeology]] with a real example!
Join us as we explore the [[archaeological investigaions|Archaeology]] of [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] for Saints' Rest over the past 17 years:
0. [[2005 Saints' Rest Field School]]
0. [[2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue]]
0. [[2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
0. [[2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
0. [[2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
0. [[2015 West Circle Privy]]
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##<div class="center">Cultural Resource Management</div>
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''Cultural Resource Management'', or CRM, is a process that people use to manage and make decisions about scarce cultural resources in an equitable manner [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. Often, it focuses on managing [[cultural landscapes|Cultural Landscapes]], archaeological [[sites|Sites]], historical records, spiritual places, and much more. It is also under the preview of CRM to recognize whether a prospective construction project would endanger a spot of cultural heritage.
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##Steps of Archaeology
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While the various branch of archaeology can be located in very different areas of the globe and may study vastly different things, there are some general steps that all archaeologists follow:
0. [[Research Design]]
0. [[Implementation]]
0. [[Data Acquisition]]
0. [[Processing and Analysis]]
0. [[Interpretation]]
0. [[Publication]]
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##Anthropology
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''Anthropology'' is study of humanity with consideration of human behavior, human biology, culture, societies, and linguistics, both in the past and the present.
Anthropology is generally divided into four subdisciplines:
0. Sociocultural Anthropology
0. Linguistic Anthropology
0. [[Archaeology]]
0. Biological Anthropology (including [[Bioarchaeology]] and [[Forensic Archaeology]])
There is of course overlap between the subdisciplines, which is encouraged, as it gives all research projects the proper biocultural perspective.
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---##<div class="center">Archaeological Fieldwork</div>
<==
Some [[sites|Sites]] might be obvious, such as the pyramids in Egypt. But what about [[sites|Sites]] that are now below the ground? Often, we rely on historical records, but these become less accurate with time and are not available for sites outside of the written record.
Some [[sites|Sites]] are found by accident and may require salvage excavation because they have been found under an old parking lot, like our friend (link: "King Richard III")[(goto-url: " https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/21/572502499/english-car-park-where-remains-of-richard-iii-were-found-declared-a-monument")]. But we cannot always wait for [[sites|Sites]] to be found on accident, especially if we have other evidence that a [[site|Sites]] exists.
To account for this, archaeological fieldwork is often broken up into the following phases:
0. [[Phase I]]
0. [[Phase II]]
0. [[Phase III]]
While these phases stem from their use in [[Cultural Resource Management]], they are still a clear guideline of how all archaeologists will process a site, starting with initial documentation and ending with site excavation, when permitted.
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##Biofacts
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''Biofacts'', or ecofacts, are natural objects found alongside [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or [[features|Features]], such as animal bones (studied by [[zooarchaeologists|Zooarchaeology]], charcoal, plants, and pollen [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. While not created by humans, they are passively consumed and handled, which can reveal how humans may have interacted with a particular environment.
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##Sites
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/spartan%20village.JPG" alt="This photograph shows an excavated site, Spartan Village." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of an excavated site: Spartan Village 2021 (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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''Sites'' are places in which evidence of past activity is preserved and can be investigated using [[archaeology|Archaeology]]. They are any place where [[artifacts|Artifacts]], [[features|Features]], or [[ecofacts|Biofacts]] modified by humans can be found [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. Sites may range from those that are located completely underground, or those that may still be visible above, such as in the case of structures and buildings still in use.
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##<div class="center">Cultural Landscapes</div>
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''Cultural Landscapes'' are geographic areas, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values [[(NPS 2021)|Twine References]]. There are four general types of cultural landscapes, although they are not mutually exclusive: historic sites, historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes, and ethnographic landscapes.
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</style>##<div class="center">Historical Archaeology</div>
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/cap.jpg" alt="This image shows the 2021 Summer CAP Crew at Spartan Village, image courtesy of Nick Schrader" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An image of the 2021 Summer [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew (Image Source: Nick Schrader).//</div>
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''Historical Archaeology'' is the study of the material remains of past societies that also left behind documentary and oral histories [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. Historical archaeologists study the emergence, transformation, and nature of the Modern World.
This is what we do at [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] because we work with material culture left behind on MSU’s campus to better understand the lives of previous students or others on campus. (link: "The MSU Archives and Historical Collections")[(goto-url: "https://lib.msu.edu/branches/ua/")], among other resources, provides the documentation and oral histories we use to understand any [[artifacts|Artifacts]] we find on campus!
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##<div class="center">Prehistoric Archaeology</div>
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Stonehenge.jpg" alt="This image shows the prehistoric landmark, Stonehenge" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of the prehistoric site: Stonehenge (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
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''Prehistoric Archaeology'' is the study of the human past before historical records began [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. However, this definition is often questioned, as many human cultures have flourished and created complex political, economic, and ideological structures without a writing system.
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##Bioarchaeology
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Short%20Coursrs%202017%20Death%20Scene%20Photos%20029%20-%20Cropped.jpg" alt="This image shows a partially excavated mock (plastic) burial" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//A mock (plastic) burial (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
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''Bioarchaeology'' is the study of human remains from past contexts [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. This can intersect with other types of archaeology (e.g., [[historical|Historical Archaeology]], [[prehistorical|Prehistoric Archaeology]]), but bioarchaeologists work specifically with the human skeletal remains found at a particular [[site|Sites]].
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##<div class="center">Forensic Archaeology</div>
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Scene%20Mapping.jpg" alt="This shows students creating a hand-drawn map of a mock (plastic) surface scatter crime scene" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Students [[mapping|Hand-Drawn Maps]] a mock (plastic) crime scene (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
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''Forensic Archaeology'' is the application of archaeological recovery methodology and documentation to describe context and association of the evidence to other evidence and to the outdoor scene in order to reconstruct past events with scientific validity [[(Dirkmaat et al. 2008)|Twine References]]. While still similar to traditional archaeology, some key adjustments have been made due to the nature of forensic scenes and medicolegal investigations, specifically time.
[[Historic|Historical Archaeology]] or [[Prehistoric|Prehistoric Archaeology]] archaeological excavations can take weeks, months, or years while forensic archaeological excavations occur within a single day. [[Documentation]] principles are emphasized in forensic archaeology because if information is not recorded day of, that information is lost forever – as that scene is gone by the next day.
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##<div class="center">Zooarchaeology</div>
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/deer%20tibia%20black%20background.jpg" alt="This image shows two deer tibiae" style="max-width: 50%;">
##### <div class="center">//Two deer tibiae (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
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''Zooarchaeology'', or faunal analysis, studies the remains of animals from archaeological [[sites|Sites]] [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]]. Animal remains include anything left behind, such as bones, shells, hair, chitin, scales, and much more.
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##<div class="center">Step 1: Research Design</div>
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Archaeology is not just a chance to try digging up dirt to collect cool [[artifacts|Artifacts]]. Archaeology is deeply entrenched in anthropological research so it is essential that the first step in any archaeological project is to first identify a step number of research questions and goals – //and// to identify why archaeology is the best tool to address those questions and goals. This is essential because the best way to truly preserve a site is to leave it alone so we must make sure that we have adequate reason for potentially disturbing a precise site.
This is the stage that mainly comprises intensive background research. Archaeologists must understand the history of the site they are investigating, understand the current, modern climate they will be interacting with, acquire funding for such a project, and must work closely with the local community to gather permissions and ensure this project is in the best interests of all involved.
In the case that a project is related to [[Cultural Resource Management]], archaeologists need to maintain [[compliance|Compliance]] for the entirety of their project.
Some elements of Research Design include:
0. [[Defining the context of the research|Research Context]];
0. [[Defining the research questions|Research Questions]];
0. [[Defining the data to be collected|Data Collection]];
0. [[Defining the methods to collect data|Methodology]];
0. [[Define the methods of analysis and interpretation|Analysis and Interpretation]]; and,
0. [[Define how the findings will be disseminated|Dissemination of Research]].
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[[Move Forward to Step 2: Implementation|Implementation]]
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##<div class="center">Step 2: Implementation</div>
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In order to implement an archaeological project, is it essential to understand how you can actually implement that project.
0. Do you have the funds to support this project?
0. Do you have the team or help needed for this project?
0. Who are your collaborators or individuals who can help you on a project?
0. Do you have the [[tools|Dig Kit and Tools]] and equipment you need for this project?
0. Do you have the permissions for this project?
Archaeologists can only move forward with a project if they can meet these basic requirements or else they don’t have the proper resources to do so or may get in trouble for forgoing essential permission.
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##<div class="center">Step 3: Data Acquisition</div>
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While I’m sure many of you associate archaeology with digging, that is rarely the first step. In fact, archaeologists usually first perform a survey using non-intrusive tools before excavation and the use of [[trowels|Dig Kit and Tools]] ever begins. There is a very specific process for [[archaeological fieldwork|Archaeological Fieldwork]] with clear [[documentation|Documentation]] protocols that ensures we are processing everything at a site accurately, with minimal error, to ensure we are gaining as much information as possible with minimal damage to the site itself.
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[[Move Forward to Step 4: Processing and Analysis|Processing and Analysis]]
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##<div class="center">Step 4: Processing and Analysis</div>
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Generally, after [[artifacts|Artifacts]] are collected, they are sent to a laboratory for processing and analysis.
Processing involves getting the [[artifacts|Artifacts]] ready for analysis. This often includes [[artifact washing|Artifact Washing]], properly labeling, or checking that no artifacts are missing their field documentation notes, such as site name, [[shovel test pit|Shovel Test Pits]] number, [[feature|Features]] number, and any other pertinent information.
During data analysis, [[artifacts|Artifacts]] are catalogued and prepped for [[curation|Curation]]. This can involve intensive background research to determine the artifact type. Often in historical archaeology, we use label marks or vessel shapes to help figure out manufacturers, year of production, and much more!
This stage can also help determine if any additional analyses are necessary that are not possible in our laboratory. For example, should we send something out for radiocarbon dating, substance analysis, or DNA testing.
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##<div class="center">Step 5: Interpretation</div>
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Our interpretation is essentially our understanding of why all of this mattered because it is used to answer our original research questions.
This is more than merely dating [[artifacts|Artifacts]], but is used to understand why those dates matter – do these [[artifacts|Artifacts]] date this [[site|Sites]] to a time earlier than expected? Or do these dates provide new evidence for migration patterns in a particular region?
But also, why does this information matter? We need to make sure we are making our interpretations clear for greater implications. We need to show how this information fits into the greater discipline, research, and understanding of people – we are anthropologists after all!
Many times these interpretations are written up in some sort of report that outlines the background research, research design, data collected, and how our analyses in the laboratory contributed to this project and anthropology as a whole.
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##<div class="center">Step 6: Publication</div>
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Remember – your research provided no use if you keep it all to yourself! While we understand that certain data are sensitive and cannot be openly shared with the public, it is essential that you get your work out there in some way so that others can engage with your research.
There are several avenues for publication and ALL are valid!
You can publish your site reports for public record, like [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] does with all of (link: "our site reports")[(goto-url: "https://campusarch.msu.edu/?page_id=6579")]. Other organizations submit their reports to government facilities or other organizing bodies, such as the State Historic Preservation Office, who are responsible for properly distributing that work.
You can publish your work in an academic journal or book. This is often the avenue for academics, but there are all sorts of journals. It is up to you to find one that your work best suits! Did you work on a historical archaeological site in Kansas? Then maybe the //Society for American Archaeology// is for you! Did you study the Maya in coastal Belize? Then maybe the //International Journal of Osteoarchaeology// is the right choice for you! There are thousands to choose from, hundreds to get rejected from, and usually at least one good avenue for publication!
But more formal routes are not the only option! As long as you get proper permissions, there is always the option to disseminate research through public outreach, engagement, and pedagogy – something we try to do through [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]!
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And that’s a wrap! You have now finished the Introduction to Archaeology portion of this Twine. Feel free to head back to the Homepage to check out our example of Saints’ Rest!
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##Compliance
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''Compliance'' in [[Cultural Resource Management]] is the process of ensuring that all legal requirements relating to archaeological resources are fulfilled.
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---##<div class="center">Research Context</div>
<==
0. How will this research fit into the existing archaeological record?
0. What will the new knowledge contribute to what we already know?
0. Is this project addressing a problem?
==><==
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[[Back to Step 1: Research Design|Research Design]]
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Research Questions</div>
<==
0. What are your hypotheses?
0. What are you hoping to find?
0. What are you hoping to not find?
==><==
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[[Back to Step 1: Research Design|Research Design]]
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Data Collection</div>
<==
0. What data do you need to answer your research questions?
0. What data do you need to answer your research project?
==><==
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[[Back to Step 1: Research Design|Research Design]]
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##Methodology
<==
0. How will that data be collected?
0. What [[tools|Dig Kit and Tools]] and technology do you need to collect that data?
0. How will you [[document|Documentation]] the scene?
0. Is excavation necessary to collect this data?
==><==
---
[[Back to Step 1: Research Design|Research Design]]
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
---##<div class="center">Analysis and Interpretation</div>
<==
0. How will you study the data you’ve collected?
0. How can you interpret the data you’ve collected?
0. How can this data answer your research questions?
==><==
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[[Back to Step 1: Research Design|Research Design]]
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Dissemination</div>
<==
0. How will your research findings be made accessible to the academic community?
0. How will your research findings be made accessible to the public?
0. How will your research findings be made accessible to the local community where you worked?
==><==
---
[[Back to Step 1: Research Design|Research Design]]
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##Dig Kit
<==
Over the years, archaeologists have identified a set of tools that are essential for excavation in archaeology. Here is an overview of the tools we would recommend having in your dig kit!
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/DigKit_Numbered.png" alt="This image shows tools that are included in a dig kit, including: a dust pan; a pointed trowel; a margin trowel; a file; a foldable metric ruler; root clippers; brushes; a pen; a whisk broom; a north arrow scale; measuing tape; flagging tape; string; and, pin flags." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Picture of a dig kit, including: a dust pan (1); a pointed trowel (2); a margin trowel (3); a file (4); a foldable metric ruler (5); root clippers (6); brushes (7); a pen (8); a whisk broom (9); a north arrow scale (10); measuing tape (11); flagging tape (12); string (13); and, pin flags (14) (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
''Field Notebook''
You need to remember what you did and why! Unless you have a picture perfect memory, it is unlikely you will remember everything that transpired that day. This will let you write down the events of each day for future you or others reading your notes! [[Learn more on how to document the scene with your notes|Documentation]].
''Trowel''
Rather than a spade or garden trowel, archaeologists actually use masonry hand trowels. Although conventionally used in brickwork or stonework for leveling, spreading, and shaping mortar or concrete, archaeologists sharpen the edges to enable slicing of dirt, digging, and removing soil.
While there are a variety of options, we recommend the following two:
0. Pointed trowels
0. Margin trowels
These two types of trowels will help you do the majority of digging and edging in archaeological excavations.
''File''
A blunt trowel is nearly useless. We need to sharpen them so they are actually able to cut through and slice dirt! We typically use hand files, as seen in the image, to sharpen our trowels.
''Measuring Tape and/or Measuring Stick (in meters)''
Archaeology is very precise and follows scientific standards, including the use of the metric system. Measuring tapes allow us to exactly [[document|Documentation]] how large [[features|Features]] are and are necessary to setting up [[unit|Units]] [[grids|Grids]] for actual excavation. Having several in different sizes on hand (5 meter, 10 meter, etc.) is never a bad idea!
''String''
String – in many different colors – is needed to mark out areas or [[features|Features]], and to create [[grids|Grids]] (as they act as the physical boundaries!)
''Pin Flags''
Pin Flags are great to have on hand because they are a fantastic temporary marker for anything you need! You can mark potential areas to dig, points of interest, and much more!
''Line Level''
Line levels help us [[document|Documentation]] [[features|Features]] we are excavating or can be used to ensure that any [[unit|Units]] [[grids|Grids]] that we create are level – this ensures that we are taking accurate measurements.
''Compass''
A compass is essential for orienteering so that you know exactly where you are at all times. It is important for understanding the context of your [[site|Sites]] is and for [[documenting|Documentation]] the orientation of any [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or [[features|Features]]. But, it is also extremely handy to have for your safety in the event that you get lost going to, while at, or while leaving a [[site|Sites]] – archaeological [[sites|Sites]] can take place anywhere and you need to make sure you are prepared for any circumstance!
''Whisk Broom, Brushes, and Bamboo Tools''
Whisk Brooms and Painter’s brushes are used during excavation to reveal the extent of [[artifacts|Artifacts]] with damaging or moving them. Bamboo tools can serve a similar purpose, as they are extremely useful for cleaning dirt around an [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or [[feature|Features]].
''Dust Pan''
You need something to pick up all the dirt in! We recommend a small handheld one that's not too cumbersome, but large enough to help you remove dirt!
''Munsell Book''
When we encounter [[stratigraphic|Stratigraphy]] layers in a test pit or excavation, we will [[document|Documentation]] the color and texture of each layer. A Munsell book provides the standard color codes used in archaeology.
''Scale and North Arrow
''A scale will be used in any [[images|Photography]] taken of a site or any [[artifacts|Artifacts]] at the [[site|Sites]]. A North arrow serves a similar purpose, but is used to orient [[images|Photography]] so that when you look back at excavation pictures, you know what direction the photo is taken in.
''Sharpies and Pens''
You never know when you are going to need to mark something! And this happens so often that people are always stealing each other's pens! Bring your own and a few to share!
---
##Larger Tools to Bring With You
''Shovel''
And when the job gets tough, upgrade to a shovel! Trowels are needed for more detailed work but shovels get the job done more quickly and for larger, less detailed work.
''Screen''
You will need some sort of screen (wooden, plastic, or metal) to let you [[screen|Screening]] the dirt you remove while excavating so you can make sure you didn't miss any [[artifacts|Artifacts]].
''Lots of Buckets''
These will help you move dirt from your hole to the screen! Underrated, but an archaeologist's best friend!
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Artifact Washing</div>
<==
Artifacts must be cleaned in a certain way to prevent damage. As an example, here are our artifact washing instructions we use at [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]!
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Artifact%20Washing%20Instructions-1.png" alt="man" width="400px">
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Shovel Test Pits</div>
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/making%20stps_cropped.jpg" alt="This image shows CAP Crew digging STPs" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//CAP Crew digging STPs in summer 2021 (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
<==
''Shovel Test Pits'', or STPs, are a form of archaeology survey. Shovels are used to dig holes at predetermined intervals (such as every 5 meters) in order to assess whether there is anything of cultural significance, which may call for expansion of the STP or further excavation.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/stp.JPG" alt="This is an image of an STP" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of an STP (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
<==
Check an example of how STPs can be mapped on the [[Geographic Information System]] page!
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##Curation
<==
Curation is the storage of artifact collections for the long term. This can include storage in both a digital database, like [[GIS|Geographic Information System]], or in a physical space. We curate many [[artifacts|Artifacts]] from our excavations, which are often featured in our social media posts or blogs!
==><==
---
[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
---##<div class="center">Geographic Information System</div>
<==
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/RCG%202021_Proposed%20STP%20Survey%20w.%20transects_Area%202.jpg" alt="This image shows a map of STPs made in GIS." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of a STP map made in GIS (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
<==
''Geographic Information System'', or GIS, is a computer program that can create, manage, analyze, and map all types of data. [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] often uses GIS to make maps of the sites we survey or excavate each year, including locations of [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]], or to store other types of [[artifact|Artifacts]] data.
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##Documentation
<==
Proper documentation is the top priority because it preserves context and association of all [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or other culturally sensitive material at the [[site|Sites]]. This could be where an [[artifact|Artifacts]] was at the site, its position in relation to other [[artifacts|Artifacts]], or even to [[features|Features]] or permanent landmarks. This ensures we understand the layout of a site so we can reconstruct that past event (i.e., the event that created this [[site|Sites]]).
The reason this is so important is because once you’ve picked something up, you can never put it back in the same exact space. We only have one opportunity to excavate a site and we don't want to have missed any information.
Documentation includes, but is not limited to:
0. [[Paperwork]]
0. [[Photography]]
0. [[Hand-Drawn Maps]]
0. [[Geospatial References]]
0. [[Total Station]]
==><==
---
[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
---==><==
##Paperwork
<==
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/paperwork.jpg" alt="This image shows 2021 CAP Crew taking notes of their STP" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2021 CAP Crew taking notes of their [[STP|Shovel Test Pits]] (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
<==
Using field notebooks, archaeologists record what happened at a [[site|Sites]], when it happened, and who did it. Things can move fast and it may be confusing to look back when you are writing up a site report or analyzing [[artifacts|Artifacts]] - field notes can help you remember why exactly you did something. Plus, by writing who did what, you know who to ask if you have questions - even if it is years later!
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##Photography
<==
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/photos_cropped.jpg" alt="A photograph of CAP Crew digging STPs" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//A photograph of CAP Crew digging [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
<==
Photos can assist us, along with [[paperwork|Paperwork]] to remind us exactly what happened, when, and by who, but in a much more visual way! The more photos we take, the more we have to reference when we are trying to remember how we processed a site and what it looked like before we excavated it.
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Hand Drawn Maps</div>
<==
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/2015%20West%20Circle%20Privy_29.jpg" alt="This image shows a 2014 CAP Crew member creating a plan-view map." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2014 CAP Crew member creating a plan-view map (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
''Hand drawn maps'' are created by physically sitting by the site and mapping in on grid paper exactly where every single [[artifact|Artifacts]] or [[feature|Features]] is located. Maps show us the pattern of the overall [[site|Sites]], including the position and orientation of everything we found.
<img src="https://gitlab.msu.edu/twine-ahoy/images/-/raw/main/Saints_rest_excvation_plan.PNG" alt="This image shows a finalized plan-view map of the 2005 Saints' Rest Field School" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Plan-view map of [[2005 Saints' Rest Field School]].//</div>
While you can also take photographs of a [[site|Sites]], things may be obscured or hard to see. Mapping allows us to remove everything that distract the eye or hide [[artifacts|Artifacts]] so that we can clearly see the site.
There are two types of hand drawn maps:
''A plan-view map'' is when you map on a horizontal plane, or along the ground, so that it looks like you are looking down at the site from above.
''A profile map'' is when you map in a vertical plane. The resultant map looks like you are seeing the site from the side.
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##<div class="center">Geospatial References</div>
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/IMG_5997.jpg" alt="This image shows students using a Trimble R8 to take a geospatial reference point." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Students using a Trimble R8 to take a geospatial reference point (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
This type of equipment uses satellite signals to verify the exact latitude and longitude of that instrument on the globe. This type of documentation is important because if we ever decide to or are asked to return to a [[site|Sites]] or if we are looking for new [[sites|Sites]] in that area or region, we have a record of where it was. These points can also be inputted into [[GIS|Geographic Information System]] to create maps!
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">Total Station</div>
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/IMG_2880.JPG" alt="This image shows students using a Total Station." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Students using a Total Station (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
<==
Another type of documentation is something called a Total Station, which is used by archaeologists, construction crews, and highway patrol, among others, to document things in 3D-dimensional space or in a x,y,z plane. Unlike the geospatial reference which finds one point on the globe, a Total Station tells us how a [[site|Sites]] or object is positioned in space.
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##Phase I
<==
''Phase I'' is further subdivided into: Phase IA and Phase IB.
''Phase IA'' is the most basic level of archaeological survey and assess archaeological sensitivity, or the potential for intact archaeological resources to be present in an area of interest. This involves historical [[research|Research Design]], environmental context, review, and field inspection. If the archaeological sensitivity is high enough, it is recommended to transition to Phase IB.
''Phase IB'' is an intensive (locational) survey and is designed to identify all archaeological [[sites|Sites]] in the area of interest. This involves the use of systematic [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]], which will reveal the need to move on to [[Phase II]].
==><==
---
[[Back to Archaeological Fieldwork|Archaeological Fieldwork]]
---
[[Move Forward to Step 2: Phase II|Phase II]]
---
[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
---
[[Home|Homepage]]
---==><==
##Phase II
<==
“Phase II” is a more intensive survey, where additional [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] and [[units|Units]] are used to expand on sensitive areas found during Phase I. Specifically, Phase II aims to determine whether a site is eligible for the National Register and to identify the spatial boundaries of that site. Phase II can involve more intensive [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] (at more regular intervals) or even some test [[units|Units]] to understand the cultural layout and [[stratigraphy|Stratigraphy]] of the [[site|Sites]].
If a site cannot be left alone, due to impending construction projects or other such reasons, it may be necessary to move on to [[Phase III]].
==><==
---
[[Back to Step 1: Phase I|Phase I]]
---
[[Move Forward to Step 3: Phase III|Phase III]]
---
[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
---
[[Home|Homepage]]
---==><==
##Phase III
<==
''Phase III'' is the actual excavation of a [[site|Sites]] and involves the actual [[data recovery|Data Collection]] from a [[site|Sites]], although the exact procedure for how to do so depends on the nature of each [[site|Sites]]. This involves the removal of all [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or [[features|Features]] from a [[site|Sites]] in order to collect and preserve what information those objects can provide.
==><==
---
[[Back to Step 2: Phase II|Phase II]]
---
[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
---==><==
##Grids
<==
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/grid2.jpg" alt="This image shows a grid set up on the ground surface." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of a grid (Image Source: Rhian Dunn).//</div>
<==
''Grids'' are used by archaeologists to mark a specific area or [[unit|Units]] at a site (1x1 m, 2x2 m, etc.). They are usually marked with string or rope and archaeologists will slowly dig down in each [[unit|Units]], layer by layer to assess whether any [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or other [[features|Features]] of interest may be present.
==><==
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##<div class="center">Twine References</div>
Bright, Lisa
(In Prep) “West Circle Pricy (20IN215) Excavation”, CAP Report No. 58, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Brock, Terry
2010 “Saints’ Rest Field Report”, CAP Report No. 1, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI. Accessed at: (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1-Saints-Rest-Report-Final.pdf")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1-Saints-Rest-Report-Final.pdf")].
Dirkmaat DC, Cabo LL, Ousley SD, Symes SA.
2008 New perspectives in forensic anthropology. //Yearbook of Physical Anthropology//;51:33–52. Accessed at: (link: "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20948")[(goto-url: "https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20948")].
Emery, Katy M.
2012 "Saints' Rest sidewalk project". Campus Archaeology Program Blog. Accessed at: (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=1662")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=1662")].
Emery, Katy M.
2013 "Excavating Saints' Rest". Campus Archaeology Program Blog. Accessed at: (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=2190")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=2190")].
Emery, Katy M.
(In PrepA) "Saints' Rest Rescue II", CAP Report No. 26, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Emery, Katy M.
(In PrepB) "Saints' Rest Sidewalks", CAP Report No. 20, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Fagan, Brian M, and Nadia Durrani
2016 //Archaeology: A brief introduction//. NYC, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Frederick, Kate
2014 "Saints' Rest Sidewalks, Summer 2014", CAP Report No. 49, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI. Accessed at: (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/49-Saints-Rest-Sidewalks-2014-Summary-Report.pdf")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/49-Saints-Rest-Sidewalks-2014-Summary-Report.pdf")].
Kuhn, Madison
1955 //Michigan State: the first hundred years, 1855-1955//. Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, MI. Accessed at: (link: "https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015071497732")[(goto-url: "https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015071497732")].
Lewis, Kenneth E.
2010 Function, circumstance, and the archaeological record. In: R. K. Skowronek & K. E. Lewis, eds. //Beneath the ivory tower: The archaeology of academia//. East Lansing, Michigan.
Mustonen, Heather L.
2007 //Public archaeology and community engagement at Michigan State University: The Saints' Rest archaeological project//. (Unpublished master's thesis). East Lansing, Michigan.
National Park Services (NPS)
2021 "Understanding Cultural Landscapes". Accessed at: (link: "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/culturallandscapes/understand-cl.htm")[(goto-url: "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/culturallandscapes/understand-cl.htm")].
O'Gorman, Jodie A., Kenneth B. Lewis, Heather Mustonen, E. W. Duane Quates, and Megan M. McCullen.
2005 //Archaeology of Saints' Rest Dormitory//. Paper presented at the Annual Midwest Archaeological Conference in Dayton, OH.
Widder, Keith R.
2005 //Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution of a Land-Grant Philosophy, 1855-1925.// East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
==><==
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</style>##<div class="center">2005 - Saints' Rest Field School</div>
To better understand the [[archaeology|Archaeology]] of this site, we will walk you through the background information provided to [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], the steps taken for the actual excavation, and the results of our investigation:
0. [[2005 Background]]
0. [[2005 Archaeology]]
0. [[2005 Results]]
==><==
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[[2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue]]
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[[Saints’ Rest]]
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##<div class="center">2008-2009 - Saints' Rest Rescue</div>
To better understand the [[archaeology|Archaeology]] of this site, we will walk you through the background information provided to [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], the steps taken for the actual excavation, and the results of our investigation:
0. [[2008-2009 Background]]
0. [[2008-2009 Archaeology]]
0. [[2008-2009 Results]]
==><==
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[[2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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[[Saints’ Rest]]
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##<div class="center">2012 - Saints' Rest Sidewalks</div>
To better understand the [[archaeology|Archaeology]] of this site, we will walk you through the background information provided to [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], the steps taken for the actual excavation, and the results of our investigation:
0. [[2012 Background]]
0. [[2012 Archaeology]]
0. [[2012 Results]]
==><==
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[[2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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[[Saints’ Rest]]
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[[Home|Homepage]]
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##<div class="center">2013 - Saints' Rest Sidewalks</div>
To better understand the [[archaeology|Archaeology]] of this site, we will walk you through the background information provided to [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], the steps taken for the actual excavation, and the results of our investigation:
0. [[2013 Background]]
0. [[2013 Archaeology]]
0. [[2013 Results]]
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[[2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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[[Saints’ Rest]]
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##<div class="center">2014 - Saints' Rest Sidewalks</div>
To better understand the [[archaeology|Archaeology]] of this site, we will walk you through the background information provided to [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], the steps taken for the actual excavation, and the results of our investigation:
0. [[2014 Background]]
0. [[2014 Archaeology]]
0. [[2014 Results]]
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[[2015 West Circle Privy]]
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##<div class="center">2015 - West Circle Privy</div>
To better understand the [[archaeology|Archaeology]] of this site, we will walk you through the background information provided to [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], the steps taken for the actual excavation, and the results of our investigation:
0. [[2015 Background]]
0. [[2015 Archaeology]]
0. [[2015 Results]]
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[[Saints’ Rest]]
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##<div class="center">2005 Saints' Rest Field School: Background</div>
Surprisingly, the beginning of the series of Saints' Rest archaeological projects began from a book series commissioned by MSU:
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''Widder, Keith R.
2005 //Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution of a Land-Grant Philosophy, 1855-1925.// East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.''
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As the first of three volumes, this book series aimed to highlight the history of MSU and the author, Keith R. Widder, earned the 2005 "State History Award" for his efforts.
However, (link: "Dr. Lynn Goldstein")[(goto-url: "http://anthropology.msu.edu/author/lynneg/")], the creator of [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]], argued that there are multiple ways to learn about a school's history rather than just by relying on historical records. Specifically, Dr. Goldstein argued that [[archaeology|Archaeology]] would provide data in the form of [[artifacts|Artifacts]] and the [[interpretation of that data|Processing and Analysis]] would give more [[context|Research Context]] for what we already know about MSU [[(O'Gorman et al. 2005)|Twine References]]!
Plus, Dr. Goldstein felt it should be possible as (link: "Dr. William Lovis")[(goto-url: "http://anthropology.msu.edu/author/lovis/")] had previously noted that during an excessively dry summer, he was able to see an outline of a foundation next to the Saints' Rest sidewalk marker [[(O'Gorman et al. 2005)|Twine References]] - providing Dr. Goldstein with a clear starting point and research project of [[Saints’ Rest]]!
As essential for the [[research design|Research Design]], the following [[research questions|Research Questions]] were created during preliminary research of the [[site|Sites]]:
0. What archaeological signature remains of [[Saints’ Rest]]?
0. What can we expect to see archaeologically in an institutional boarding house occupied for a limited number of years that could be used to look at issues of function or social class?
0. What is the condition of whatever portion of the building may be present below the surface?
0. What was the interior of the building like?
0. What can the [[artifacts|Artifacts]] tell us about the details of life that no one wrote about?
0. How can we use [[archaeology|Archaeology]] to better connect students of today with our history?
Keep reading to see how [[Saints’ Rest]] was [[excavated in 2005|2005 Archaeology]] as part of a summer field school to answer these questions!
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[[2005 Saints' Rest Field School]]
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[[2005 Archaeology]]
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##<div class="center">2005 Saints' Rest Field School: Archaeology</div>
###Step 1: [[Phase I]] Survey of [[Saints’ Rest]]
To determine the location of [[Saints’ Rest]] prior to excavation, Dr. Goldstein and her team conducted archival research and initial surveys of the site [[(Mustonen 2007)|Twine References]].
''Archival Research'' found that [[Saints’ Rest]] was 46 x 50 ft with an extension in the rear that was 36 x 40 ft. Additionally, the entire building was built out of brick with 2 ft wide walls. Location of the corner marker (pictured) also aided in locating the exact [[site|Sites]].
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Saints'%20Rest%20NE%20Corner%20Marker.PNG" alt="This image shows the northeast corner marker of Saints' Rest" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Northeast corner marker of [[Saints’ Rest]].//</div>
''Initial survey'' of the site was conducted through use of a [[soil probe|Soil Probe]], starting from the corner marker, to locate the actual foundations of the building. This let us know how far down from the ground surface the foundation was located (at some points, it was located 1-2 inches down).
###Step 2: [[Phase II]] Survey of [[Saints’ Rest]]
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/Saints%20Rest%202005%20Units.PNG?raw=true" alt="THis image shows a map of the 2005 Saints' Rest excavation units from Mustonen (2007)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Map of the 2005 Saints' Rest excavation units from [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]].//</div>
Next, the excavation team dug a total of 29 [[units|Units]] (each sized at 5ft x 5ft) in the northeast section of the building, as the rest was blocked by trees [[(Mustonen 2007)|Twine References]]. Each [[unit|Units]] was dug down 0.3 ft until [[stratigraphy|Stratigraphy]] was established so that excavations could proceed stratigraphically (where one layer is exposed at a time).
As each layer was excavated, team members [[documented|Documentation]] everything on [[field forms|Paperwork]] and via [[maps|Hand-Drawn Maps]]. Unit levels, zones (distinct pockets of soil or sediment), and [[features|Features]] were identified in [[notes|Paperwork]].
All excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
###Step 3: Wrap Up of [[Saints’ Rest]]
[[Artifacts]] were collected in labeled paper bags so they could be transported to the lab for [[analysis|Processing and Analysis]] [[(Mustonen 2007)|Twine References]]. Labels included:
* Excavation Unit Number
* Coordinates from [[Geospatial References]]
* Date
* Excavator initials
* Field Specimen Number
* [[Feature|Features]] Number (if applicable)
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##<div class="center">2005 Saints' Rest Field School: Results</div>
As mentioned in the [[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]] section of this Twine, if you don't [[publish|Publication]] your results, you have excavated (and destroyed a historical resource) for nothing - so let's see what the main takeaways were from this excavation!
### 1. [[Stratigraphy]] of [[Saints’ Rest]]:
The stratigraphy identified four general layers [[(Mustonen 2007)|Twine References]]:
0. Topsoil (A Horizon)
0. Tan sandy soil (B Horizon)
0. Rubble layer with brick, mortar, ash, and charcoal
0. Ash layer (at basement floor)
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202005%20stratigraphy.PNG" alt="Image of the 2005 Saints' Rest stratigraphy from Mustonen (2007)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of the 2005 Saints' Rest stratigraphy from [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]].//</div>
''Takeaway'': Debris and rubble from the building itself were used to fill in the foundations once it had been destroyed by fire.
### 2. [[Features]] of [[Saints’ Rest]]:
During excavation, a minimum of three rooms were found within the northern half of the basement [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]]. A hallway was also identified, as well as a larger space on the eastern side of the building. Some flooring was found as well, which, altogether, allowed us to reconstruct what that basement may have looked like:
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/Saints%20rest%20reconstructed%20cellar.PNG" alt="Image of the reconstruction of Saints' Rest basement from Lewis (2010)" style="max-width: 70%;">
''Takeaway'': reconstruction of Saints' Rest basement [[(Lewis 2010)|Twine References]].
### 3. [[Artifacts]] of [[Saints’ Rest]]:
The northeast corner revealed the following [[artifacts|Artifacts]] [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]]:
* A carpenter's toolkit
* Several piled up tools
* Copper piping
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202005%20nails%20and%20hammer.PNG" alt="Image of a hammer and nails found from Mustonen (2007)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of a hammer and nails found from [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]].//</div>
The northeast corner revealed the following [[artifacts|Artifacts]] [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]]:
* Lime
* A pile of coarse sand
* barrels of water
^All materials needed to make mortar and plaster
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202005%20barrels.PNG" alt="Photo of the 2005 Saints' Rest barrels along the east wall from Mustonen (2007)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of the 2005 Saints' Rest barrels along the east wall from [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]].//</div>
Student life [[artifacts|Artifacts]] found include [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]]:
* The remains of three copper kerosene lamps
* Inkwells
* Pen nibs
* Slate pencils
* Paper fasteners
* A brass compass
* Iron scissors
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202005%20inkwell.PNG" alt="Image of an inkwell found from Mustonen (2007)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of an inkwell found from [[Mustonen (2007)|Twine References]].//</div>
''Takeaways'':
0. The northeast portion of the basement was used for tool storage.
0. Workers (who were repairing the building before it burned down) stored their materials along the east wall.
0. Students studied and wrote letters in their dorm rooms.
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Keep reading to see how [[Archaeology]] was continued at [[Saints’ Rest]] in [[2008-2009|2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue]], after the formal creation of [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] in 2007!
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[[2005 Saints' Rest Field School]]
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[[2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue]]
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##<div class="center">2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue: Background</div>
In fall of 2008, MSU's Landscape Services were planting two trees along West Circle and hit a number of [[artifacts|Artifacts]] when excavating with a backhoe, including mid-19th century ceramics, glass, and animal bones [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]]. After getting a call to come check it out, MSU's [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] noted that this was right next to [[Saints’ Rest]]!
[[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] already had [[context|Research Context]] of [[Saints’ Rest]] from their work in 2005 and so devised a [[plan|Research Design]] for moving forward.
They decided to approach this [[site|Sites]] in three different installments:
0. An immediate response to the disturbance of //in situ// [[features|Features]] by MSU's Landscape Services
0. A survey of additional areas threatened by this landscaping
0. Further investigation of the disturbed area
Keep reading to see how [[Saints’ Rest]] was [[excavated in 2008 and 2009|2008-2009 Archaeology]] to save the [[site|Sites]] from being further disturbed!
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##<div class="center">2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue: Archaeology</div>
###Installment 1: Immediate Response
To address the disturbed [[site|Sites]], [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] crew created two [[units|Units]] approximately ten feet apart, one for each tree hole, at 5 x 5 ft to match those created during the original [[2005 field school|2005 Archaeology]] and in accordance with [[Phase II|Phase II]] archaeology [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]].
All excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/saints%20rest%202008%20unit.PNG?raw=true" alt="This image shows a 2008 Saints' Rest excavation unit from Brock (2010)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2008 Saints' Rest excavation unit from [[Brock (2010)|Twine References]].//</div>
###Installment 2: Survey of Additional Areas
In accordance with [[Phase I|Phase I]] archaeology, in this installment [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] crew dug six [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] along three 10 ft transects to evaluate the cultural sensitivity of an island of grass located in between three sidewalks and northeast of the two [[units|Units]] [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]].
All excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
###Installment 3: Further Investigation
To further investigate the area, during the following summer of 2009, one additional [[unit|Units]] was created, also at 5 x 5 ft and also in accordance with [[Phase II|Phase II]] archaeology [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]]. This was aimed specifically to expand upon a [[feature|Features]] found in one of the 2008 [[units|Units]].
All excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202009%20unit.PNG" alt="This image shows a 2009 Saints' Rest excavation unit from Brock (2010)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2009 Saints' Rest excavation unit from [[Brock (2010)|Twine References]].//</div>
Proper [[documentation|Documentation]] procedures were maintained across all installments, as evidenced by the included [[photos|Photography]].
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[[2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue]]
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[[2008-2009 Results]]
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##<div class="center">2008-2009 Saints' Rest Rescue: Results</div>
###Installment 1: Immediate Response
Of the two [[units|Units]] excavated, one did not yield many [[artifacts|Artifacts]] [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]]. However, the second [[unit|Units]] revealed ceramics, glassware, and animal bones, as well as an intact [[feature|Features]].
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202008%20animal%20bone.PNG" alt="Image shows animal bones found in the 2008 Saints' Rest excavation unit from Brock (2010)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of animal bones found in the 2008 Saints' Rest excavation unit from [[Brock (2010)|Twine References]].//</div>
''Takeaway'': These [[artifacts|Artifacts]] are expected to be found on campus and so support the [[context|Research Context]] we have for [[Saints’ Rest]].
###Installment 2: Survey of Additional Areas
Charcoal was evident in every one of the six [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] dig at this [[site|Sites]] [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]].
''Takeaway'': This is likely remnants from the burning building. Additionally, this ash layer was deeper in [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] further from the foundation of [[Saints’ Rest]], indicating that there may have been a slope in this location that has since been raised and flattened during campus landscaping.
###Installment 3: Further Investigation
This [[unit|Units]] helped [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] crew identify how far the [[feature|Features]] from the 2008 [[unit|Units]] extended. Additionally, more [[artifacts|Artifacts]] were found, including [[(Brock 2010)|Twine References]]:
* Bricks
* Bone
* A button
* Ceramic
* Coal
* Metal
* Mortar/Plaster
* Nail
* Slate
* Wood
* An alcohol bottle
''Takeaway'': These [[artifacts|Artifacts]] tell us a bit more about student life! The animal bones were from cows, sheep, and pigs, which tell us that they likely ate what they raised on the campus farm. //And// we know what they were drinking - alcohol - which was //not// allowed on campus at that time!
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202008%20plate.PNG" alt="Image shows plate found in the 2009 Saints' Rest excavation unit from Brock (2010)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of plate found in the 2009 Saints' Rest excavation unit from [[Brock (2010)|Twine References]].//</div>
### 2008-2009 Recommendations
Based on these findings and those from [[2005|2005 Archaeology]], the [[Campus Archaeology Program]] recommended that no more construction take place within 100 ft of the northeast corner of [[Saints’ Rest]].
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Keep reading to see how [[Archaeology]] was continued at [[Saints’ Rest]] in [[2012|2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]!
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##<div class="center">2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Background</div>
As you know from reading the [[2005 Saints' Rest Field School]] excavations, the entire foundation could not be uncovered. One reason for this was overlaying sidewalks.
However, in fall of 2012, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Fellows were granted the opportunity to investigate this area, as MSU decided to move the sidewalks that had covered the northwest potion of [[Saints’ Rest]] [[(Emery 2012)|Twine References]]!
Keep reading to see how [[Saints’ Rest]] was [[excavated in 2012|2012 Archaeology]] to learn more about the foundation at the [[site|Sites]]!
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##<div class="center">2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Archaeology</div>
As the procedure for each [[site|Sites]] depends on its layout, this excavation did not use [[units|Units]], but actually used a [[Phase III]] [[trench|Trenches]] which followed the path revealed from the removed sidewalk [[(Emery 2012)|Twine References]]!
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202012%20sidewalks%202.jpg" alt="This image shows the 2012 Saints' Rest excavation from Emery (2012)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2012 Saints' Rest excavation from [[Emery (2012)|Twine References]].//</div>
Layers of dirt were excavated in 10 cm intervals until [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Fellows hit a layer of [[artifacts|Artifacts]] at 20 cm depth! At another 10 cm down, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Fellows found ash - from the burning building!
Excavation continued over the course of one week until the northernmost wall was revealed. The final day of the project entailed [[documentation|Documentation]] of the [[site|Sites]], including [[photography|Photography]] and creating [[hand-drawn maps|Hand-Drawn Maps]] [[(Emery 2012)|Twine References]].
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202012%20sidewalks.jpg" alt="This is an image of Saints' Rest north wall from Emery (2012)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//[[Photo|Photography]] of Saints' Rest north wall from [[Emery (2012)|Twine References]].//</div>
Four [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] were dug to the south of the [[trench|Trenches]], but no additional [[artifacts|Artifacts]] were found.
All excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
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[[2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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##<div class="center">2012 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Results</div>
A number of [[artifacts|Artifacts]] were found at this [[site|Sites]], including:
* Whole glass bottles
* Inkwells
* Sash weights and pulleys
* Slate pencils
* Buttons
* Porcelain
* Piping
* Metal pieces
''Takeaway'': In comparison to the artifacts found during the [[2005 field school|2005 Archaeology]], these artifacts seem to be more representative of the students themselves, rather than workers, which may indicate that student rooms or spaces were located on the north side of the basement!
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Keep reading to see how [[Archaeology]] was continued at [[Saints’ Rest]] in [[2013|2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]!
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[[2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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##<div class="center">2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Background</div>
And we're back at it again! Less than a year later, MSU again chose to relocate some sidewalks overlying [[Saints’ Rest]], giving [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] a second chance to explore a newly exposed area [[(Emery 2013)|Twine References]]!
Keep reading to see how [[Saints’ Rest]] was [[excavated in 2013|2013 Archaeology]] to save the [[site|Sites]] from being further disturbed!
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[[2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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##<div class="center">2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Archaeology</div>
Before any digging, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Fellows first performed some [[Phase I]] survey in the form of [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] to identify the extent of the building underneath the revealed path [[(Emery 2013)|Twine References]].
After gaining some new clarity on the physical space of the [[Saints’ Rest]] building, a 1 x 3 m [[trench|Trenches]] was opened in the northern portion of the removed sidewalk area, where the building was known to be located.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/saints%20rest%202013%20north%20trench.jpg" alt="This is an image of the 2013 Saints' Rest excavation from Emery (2013)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2013 Saints' Rest excavation from [[Emery (2013)|Twine References]].//</div>
Further [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] led [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Fellows to open a second 1 x 3 m [[trench|Trenches]] after numerous bricks were uncovered.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/trench.jpg" alt="This is an image of the 2013 Saints' Rest excavation from Emery (2013)" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//2013 Saints' Rest excavation from [[Emery (2013)|Twine References]].//</div>
Both trenches were excavated in layers, while all excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
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[[2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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##<div class="center">2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Results</div>
Overall [[artifacts|Artifacts]] found in 2013 include [[(Emery In PrepB)|Twine References]]:
* Bone
* Ceramic
* Glass bottles
* Window glass
* Burnt glass
* Nails
* Metal
But a lot of our takeaways for [[understanding|Interpretation]] this [[site|Sites]] are shown by what we found in each [[trench|Trenches]] [[(Emery 2013)|Twine References]]:
###Northern Trench
This [[trench|Trenches]] revealed a change in solar color approximately halfway through. Further excavation revealed all of the components for a door and portions of a small stove door! In fact, we found what is likely the divide between two rooms, one with a raised plaster floor and one with a sand floor.
###Southern Trench
This [[trench|Trenches]] revealed an entire layer of brick stuck in place with mortar. Further examination revealed this was actually a chimney flue that had fallen over during the original fire!
''Takeaway'': This excavation helped us learn more about the southern portion of the building, which revealed [[artifacts|Artifacts]] less related to student life. In fact, we instead found two fire sources (a stove and chimney), which may have caused the original fire - but this is only conjecture, as we will never know for sure!
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Keep reading to see how [[Archaeology]] was continued at [[Saints’ Rest]] in [[2014|2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]!
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##<div class="center">2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Background</div>
You called it! Sidewalks again! This time, MSU underwent a much more intensive project to replace all of the sidewalk flags near the MSU museum and [[Saints’ Rest]] [[site|Sites]] [[(Frederick 2014)|Twine References]].
[[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew could only dig once sidewalk flags were removed so had to follow the work of the construction crew in order to gain access to the [[site|Sites]] [[(Frederick 2014)|Twine References]].
Keep reading to see how [[Saints’ Rest]] was [[excavated in 2014|2014 Archaeology]] to save the [[site|Sites]] from being further disturbed!
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##<div class="center">2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Archaeology</div>
As space was limited by the width of each removed sidewalk flag, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew conducted [[Phase II]] protocols [[(Frederick 2014)|Twine References]].
A total of nine [[STPs|Shovel Test Pits]] were dug, six of which contained [[artifacts|Artifacts]].
All excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens.
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[[2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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[[2014 Results]]
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##<div class="center">2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Results</div>
Overall [[artifacts|Artifacts]] found in 2014 include [[(Frederick 2014)|Twine References]]:
* Window glass
* Ceramics
* Nails
* Glass bottle
* Doorknob/handle
* Animal bone
* Slate
''Takeaway'': Although much less intensive and lucrative than previous investigations of [[Saints’ Rest]], these [[artifacts|Artifacts]] show us just how far out the debris from the burning building spread. Likely, it was never completely cleaned, but was slowly built over as the campus recovered and expanded.
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[[2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]]
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[[2015 West Circle Privy]]
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##<div class="center">2015 West Circle Privy: Background</div>
In the summer of 2015, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew were up to their usualy shenanigans of monitoring construction on campus (in this case, the steam tunnel improvement project), when a disturbed area of bricks and dark soil was noted in the southeastern portion of the MSU Museum driveway [[(Bright In Prep)|Twine References]].
With evidence of cultural material, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew now had to investigate this area!
Keep reading to see how [[Saints’ Rest]] was [[excavated in 2015|2015 Archaeology]] to save the [[site|Sites]] from being further disturbed!
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[[2015 West Circle Privy]]
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[[2015 Archaeology]]
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##<div class="center">2014 Saints' Rest Sidewalks: Archaeology</div>
Excavation at this [[site|Sites]] began with [[Phase II]] procedures to identify the extent of the [[feature|Features]] uncovered during monitoring. Once a foundation was found, [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew transitioned to [[Phase III]] procedures and expanded along that foundation to reveal its extent [[(Bright In Prep)|Twine References]]. Unfortunately, time constraints of the overall construction project prevented any additional expanded investigations.
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/2015%20West%20Circle%20Privy_8.jpg" alt="This image shows the excavated West Circle Privy" style="max-width: 70%;">
#### <div class="center">//Excavated West Circle Privy (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
[[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] Crew removed 20-30 cm of soil at a time and all excavated soil was [[screened|Screening]] through 1/4 inch mesh screens. [[Documentation]] of the [[site|Sites]] included [[photography|Photography]] and [[hand-drawn maps|Hand-Drawn Maps]] [[(Bright In Prep)|Twine References]].
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/2015%20West%20Circle%20Privy_Profile_1.jpg" alt="This image shows a hand-Drawn Map of West Circle Privy" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Hand-Drawn Map of West Circle Privy (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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[[2015 West Circle Privy]]
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[[2015 Results]]
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##<div class="center">2015 West Circle Privy: Results</div>
Excavation of this [[site|Sites]] revealed the presence of a 6 x 6 ft structure identified as a privy or a outhouse. While no blueprint of this particular privy exists, its close proximity to [[Saints’ Rest]] make it likely this was used by those who lived in the dormitory!
Overall [[Artifacts]] found in 2015 include [[(Bright In Prep)|Twine References]]:
* Rubber
* Leather
* Metal
* Porcelain
* Glass bottle
* Glass window
* Glass oil lamp
* Ceramic
* Nails
* Plaster
* Bone
* Eggshells
* Slate pencil
* Buttons
* Smoking pipe
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/2015%20West%20Circle%20Privy_Bones_2.jpg" alt="Image of bones found during excavation of the West Circle Privy" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Bones found during excavation of the West Circle Privy (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
Just //what// were they throwing down the toilet!? While some is clearly associated with digestion, such as the bones found, the rest really reveals what people are willing to throw away! In fact, this privy revealed some of the only toys found by [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]] on campus!
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/2015%20West%20Circle%20Privy_Frozen%20Charlotte%20Doll_2.jpg" alt="Image of Frozen Charlotte doll found during excavation of the West Circle Privy" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//Frozen Charlotte doll found during excavation of the West Circle Privy (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//<div>
''Takeaways'': All of the [[artifacts|Artifacts]] from this privy date back to a very tight time frame of 1850-1860, indicating it may have only been in use until the early 1870s [[(Bright In Prep)|Twine References]]. But the abundance of artifacts tells us a lot about the lives of the early students at MSU, from what type of ink they used, the dolls they kept (or threw away), and even their smoking habits (another forbidden activity on campus at the time)!
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And that's a wrap! We hope you enjoyed our Introduction to Archaeology tour! As you can see, every [[site|Sites]] - or even parts of a [[site|Sites]] - are extremely different and require careful planning, keen [[archaeology|Archaeology]] skills, and lots of [[documentation|Documentation]] so that we can [[disseminate|Dissemination of Research]] this research to all of you!
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[[2015 West Circle Privy]]
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##Features
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/2014%20Vet%20Lab%20Field%20Photos%2032.jpg" alt= "This photograph shows the wall of the old Vet Lab on MSU's campus." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of a feature (wall) found at MSU's old Vet Lab in 2014 (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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''Features'' are collections of one or more contexts representing some sort of human non-portable activity. They include structures, such as houses, hearths, and storage pits, among others, but can also include things such as buried fields, workshop areas, or even drainage systems [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]].
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##Stratigraphy
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/beaumont%20Unit%201%20Final%20profile%20cropped.jpg" alt="This images shows an example of stratigraphy found in a wall profile of Beaumont West in 2010" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of stratigraphy found in a wall profile of Beaumont West in 2010 (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
''Stratigraphy'' is the observation of exposed soil layers in the ground, which are revealed at an archaeological site [[(Fagan and Durrani 2016)|Twine References]].
If any of you have played in sand at the beach or in a park or sandbox, you know that if you dig down deep enough, you will eventually hit the clay layer. Stratigraphy is all of those layers, from dirt to sand to clay, that reside in the earth. [[Munsell|Dig Kit and Tools]] books help us define those stratigraphic layers.
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[[Introduction to Archaeology|Archaeology]]
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##Screening
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/screening%20cropped.jpg" alt="This image shows CAP Crew screening dirt." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of CAP Crew screening in 2021 (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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''Screening'' is a process where archaeologists push any excavated soil through wooden, plastic, or metal screens to identify if any [[artifacts|Artifacts]] were missed during excavation. This ensures 100% recovery of all cultural materials at a [[site|Sites]].
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##Units
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/CAP%20Unit.JPG" alt="This image shows a one by one meter archaeology unit from CAP's 2015 field school." style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of an archaeology unit (1 x 1 m) from our 2015 field school (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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''Units'' are specific areas designated to be excavated. They are often 1 x 1 m, 2 x 2 m, etc. to allow precise measurements to be taken for [[documentation|Documentation]] purposes. Their size depends on the [[site|Sites]], but they can be expanded into larger units or [[trenches|Trenches]] if necessary. They are usually marked with string or rope and archaeologists will slowly dig down in each unit, layer by layer to assess whether any [[artifacts|Artifacts]] or other [[features|Features]] of interest may be present.
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##Trenches
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<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/raw/main/trench.jpg" alt="This image shows a trench from the 2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks excavation" style="max-width: 70%;">
##### <div class="center">//An example of a trench from the [[2013 Saints' Rest Sidewalks]] excavation (Image Source: [[CAP|Campus Archaeology Program]]).//</div>
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''Trenches'' are larger versions of [[units|Units]] in the form of corridors. Rather than excavating a series of [[units|Units]], a team may choose one long trench, either to expand a [[unit|Units]] with cultural material (i.e., [[artifacts|Artifacts]]) or to quickly assess the presence of anything relevant, such as a [[feature|Features]], at a site.
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##Soil Probe
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''Soil Probes'' are long, T-shaped rods that are pushed into the ground to feel for softer soil and loose dirt or find evidence of an underground [[feature|Features]] at a [[site|Sites]]. This is often one of the initial steps during a survey, as it is relatively non-invasive.
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