##//Ring, ring, ring...//
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/Phone-300x199.jpg" alt= "A red phone. Photo credit: [[Communique PR staff, 2013|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">A red phone. Photo credit: [[Communique PR staff, 2013|Twine References]].</div>
You receive a call early one summer morning. It's the lead construction manager!
They tell you that the crew found something potentially interesting onsite. He asks if you and the rest of your archaeology crew would like to come take a look before construction continues.
You say yes! Do you choose to start at 7 am or at 2 pm?
[[7am start time]]
or
[[2pm start time]][##Welcome to Spartan Village!]
<img src= "https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/079_Spartan%20Village%20Monitoring_EU%201.JPG?raw=true" alt="Three archaeologists using tape measures and string to set up a rectangular archaeological unit for a small cement foundation." style="max-width:90%;">
<div class="caption">Spartan Village cistern excavation process. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
During the fall of 2020, Campus Archaeology Program (CAP) fellow Ben Akey collected historical information through archival research about the surrounding area. They found that a farmhouse stood in the area from about 1930 to 1956, but the area was later used for student housing [[(Akey, in prep)|Twine References]].
In 2018, an entire cow skeleton was found in front of Conrad Hall during the Wilson Road Re-Alignment project. Campus Archaeologist Autumn Painter and zooarchaeologist Dr. Terrance Martin, the Emeritus Curator of Anthropology at Illinois State University, found that the cow was older due to its worn teeth and bone spurs across the skeleton. The surrounding area held a bull barn and was once a historic farmstead [[(Camp, 2021a)|Twine References]]. To learn more about the skeletal analysis of the cow, you can click here: (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=5761")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=5761")]
CAP conducted a conductivity survey and a [[ground penetrating radar survey|Ground Penetrating Radar]] during the fall of 2020. Based on the background research and surveys, CAP excavated shovel test pits across the area based on a grid system design. Shovel test pits were placed in one of three places: Grid 1, Grid 2, and around the pine tree cluster [[(Akey and Burnett, 2021)|Twine References]].
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/N.Schrader-CAP.SpartanVillage_06092021-26.jpg?raw=true" alt="Close up of an archaeologist facing the camera using a shovel to remove the first layers of soil from the cistern." style="max-width: 90%;">
<div class="caption">CAP crew breaking ground at the cistern feature. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved.</div>
The following summer, the CAP summer crew monitored construction at Spartan Village. The construction crew found two features of interest:
1. A concrete wall.
2. A cistern.
CAP crew Took GPS points, measured the feature, drew a map, and took photographs of the wall [[(Akey and Burnett, 2021)|Twine References]].
<img src= "https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/090_Spartan%20Village%20Monitoring_EU%201%20Lv%201.JPG?raw=true" alt="Photo of excavation unit, with toy gun and ceramic pipe still in situ." style="max-width:90%;">
<div class="caption">Image of cistern excavation. The final excavation depth measured over two and a half feet deep. Photo credit: MSU CAP</div>
The crew had the opportunity to further excavate the cistern. Due to the construction team's timeline, only a part of the cistern was excavated before construction had to resume. Even so, multiple [[artifacts|Spartan Village Artifacts]] were excavated and brought to the CAP lab for further cleaning and analysis.
##The archaeological toolkit
When out in the field, archaeologists must have all of the tools necessary to conduct their excavations and to collect any artifacts found for later analysis.
You can find the tools of the archaeological toolset [[here|The Archaeological Toolkit]]!
##Now it's your turn!
Congratulations, you have been assigned the title of lead archaeologist! You are in charge of the crew today, and are in charge of calling the shots for the day. While exciting, this position requires thinking ahead quickly when presented with a field opportunity.
To start your day as an archaeologist, [[begin here|Begin here]]! ##The early bird gets the worm!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/7ff969246e5227ca3afbc95cccd336857d4bbfbc/THIS%20ONE%20BIRD.png" alt= "Early bird gets the worm! Photo credit: [[kyPhrase, 2022|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Early bird gets the worm! Photo credit: [[kyPhrase, 2022|Twine References]].</div>
Your crew heads out for an early start onsite. You have until early evening to conduct excavations on an area of interest that the construction company found. You grab your tools in your archaeological toolkit to begin your work. What do you start with first:
[[Set up your excavation unit]]
or
[[Start digging]]##Oh no!!!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/124_Spartan%20Village%20Monitoring_%20Excavation%20of%20Stormwater%20retention%20system.JPG" alt= "Ongoing construction at Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Ongoing construction at Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
Your team heads out to Spartan Village at 2pm on the dot, but the construction crew had to quickly begin work again to stay on schedule. Sadly, you were not able to excavate the structure!
You can [[go back to the beginning|Begin here]] to try again!##Context is key!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/7ff969246e5227ca3afbc95cccd336857d4bbfbc/THIS%20ONE%20FILING.png" alt= "Make sure to stay organized! Photo credit: [[Larkin, 2021|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Make sure to stay organized! Photo credit: [[Larkin, 2021|Twine References]].</div>
By taking the extra time to set up the excavation unit, you are able to record the context for each artifact. You can use this information in later analyses to help understand how artifacts spatially relate to one another. This can help answer future questions that archaeologists develop.
It's time to break earth with your shovel! How do you proceed:
[[Create a deep test pit]]
or
[[Start uncovering the entire surface]]Whoops!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/whoops.jpeg" alt= "Whoops! Photo credit: [[Ludlum, 2016|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 60%;">
<div class="caption">Whoops! Photo credit: [[Ludlum, 2016|Twine References]].</div>
You were able to find materials within the area you were digging, but you were not able to record the context of the materials. You needed the context to learn more about the people who lived there previously!
You can [[try again here|Begin here]]!##No, we don't have a bullwhip like Indiana Jones...
But we do rely on many other tools!
Here are some of those tools and how they help us in the field:
##First things first...
1. Camera
You will need to take photos throughout the entirety of your project. You will need photos of the area of interest before you put a hole in the ground, the completed excavation unit, and everything in between.
##Setting up the unit
1. Nails (and hammer), twine, pink tape, flags, measuring tape
These materials are used together to help set up the excavation unit in a way that allows systematic recording.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/N.Schrader-CAP.SpartanVillage_06092021-19.jpg" alt= "This photograph shows two archaeologists setting up the excavation unit. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph shows two archaeologists setting up the excavation unit. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved.</div>
2. Compass
A compass is a necessary tool for every archaeologist - you can orient yourself using a compass. You can use either a traditional compass, or you can use the digital compass located on you cellular device!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/compass.jpg" alt= "Photo of a compass. Photo credit: [[National Trust, n.d.|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Photo of a compass. Photo credit: [[National Trust, n.d.|Twine References]].</div>
3. Line level
A line level is used to make the twine between nails into a horizontal plane, even if the excavation unit is located on a slope. This allows the depth recording of the excavation pit to be accurate. When accurate, archaeologists can record the 3-dimensional location of the artifacts found and can develop an idea of how artifacts relate to one another within the excavation unit.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/079_Spartan%20Village%20Monitoring_EU%201.JPG" alt= "Line level (located over the large hole in the center of the unit) used at Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Line level (located over the large hole in the center of the unit) used at Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
##Excavation tools
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/right%20way6360c474-7e52-4af2-927a-2c9d7dd1d4a7.JPG" alt= "The various tools that archaeologists use in the field. Photo credit: Rhian Dunn, CAP Fellow." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">The various tools that archaeologists use in the field. Photo credit: Rhian Dunn, CAP Fellow.</div>
1. Shovel
This includes pointed and flat-head shovels. These help with the initial ground break.
2. Trowel
Like shovels, there are multiple types of trowels. You may think of the pointed trowel like the type you would use in your garden - if so, congrats, you're correct! But there is also a margin trowel, a square-end trowel that helps archaeologists clean up the wall of an excavation unit for photographs. We choose the type of trowel based on our needs for the moment.
3. Gloves
Break back into the garden equipment! You're going to want to make sure you have a good pair of gloves on to protect yourself from artifacts (or any spiders in the dirt!).
4. Buckets
To help carry dirt from the unit to the shifter.
5. Shifter
Backfill removed from excavation units are placed into shifters, where archaeologists shake the dirt through the wire, leaving larger rocks and/or artifacts behind. This requires dancing to make sure all of the dirt is shifted through (ok, this part isn't true, but it makes it more fun!).
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/N.Schrader-CAP.SpartanVillage_06092021-35.jpg" alt= "An archaeologist shifting through dirt from an excavation unit. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">An archaeologist shifting through dirt from an excavation unit. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved.</div>
6. Brushes
Not only good for brushing teeth, but good for cleaning shifters from dirt stuck in the wire.
##Recording and documentation tools
1. White board, dry-erase markers
These are used to indicate the project name, excavation unit number, year, and name of excavators. Once all of this information is collected and written onto the whiteboard, a photo is taken of the excavation with the whiteboard in the photo.
2. Archive safe bags, permanent marker
When we come across artifacts, we label the archive safe bag with the provenience information in which the artifact was found (excavation unit, level, number of centimeters below the surface, etc). Archaeologists can then return to the artifact in the future and know exactly where the artifact was excavated from.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/artifact%20bag.png" alt= "An archive safe bag with provenience information written on it. Photo credit: [[Camp, 2021b|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">An archive safe bag with provenience information written on it. Photo credit: [[Camp, 2021b|Twine References]].</div>
3. Geode
A fancier tool in the CAP archaeological tool kit is the Geode. The Geode captures the GPS coordinates wherever you place it. Once an excavation unit has been completed, we take the GPS coordinates of the unit so we have the exact location documented for future archaeologists interested in the site.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/bird%20bath%20.jpg" alt= "This image has the Geode and white board located by the birdbath in situ. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This image has the Geode and white board located by the birdbath in situ. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>##Bad news!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/bad%20news.jpg" alt= "Bad news! Photo credit: [[Bies, 2014|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Bad news! Photo credit: [[Bies, 2014|Twine References]].</div>
By trying to excavate the entire surface instead of starting with a deep test pit, you took too long to find any cultural material.
Without sufficient evidence of cultural materials soon, the construction crew resumes their work to stay on schedule.
You can start over [[here|Begin here]]!##You hit the jackpot!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/7ff969246e5227ca3afbc95cccd336857d4bbfbc/THIS%20ONE%20GOLD.png" alt= "You've found the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow! Photo credit: [[Gasdia-Cochrane, 2020|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">You've found the pot of gold at the end of the rainbow! Photo credit: [[Gasdia-Cochrane, 2020|Twine References]].</div>
I mean, you didn't hit gold, but you found evidence of cultural material located deeper in the pit! There was enough evidence that construction will remain paused.
The odds are that there are other cultural materials present, but it will probably take longer to reach since you found the cultural material in lower layers of the test pit. Knowing this, how do you proceed:
[[Dig deep into half of the feature]]
or
[[Dig shallow across the entire feature]]##Smart move!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/Crew%20photo_Spartan%20Village%20Monitoring_EU%201%20Lv%201%20(2).JPG" alt= "Archaeologists excavating the Spartan Village cistern. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Archaeologists excavating the Spartan Village cistern. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
You were able to recover a lot of material culture from the feature before construction was forced to resume due to time constraints.
What do you do with the artifacts that you and your team recovered?
[[Bag and tag each artifact with their respective context information]]
or
[[Throw in the back of the truck and deal with it at the lab]]##Whoops!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/x.png" alt= "Nope! Try again!" style="max-width: 35%;">
<div class="caption">Nope! Try again!</div>
By trying to excavate the entire surface of the feature, you were not able to reach the depth of the level where material culture was found. Construction had to resume.
You can start over, [[here|Begin here]]!##Good planning leads to better research!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/artifact%20bag.png" alt= "An image of an artifact bag with provenience information. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">An image of an artifact bag with provenience information. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
Congratulations! You have successfully managed to navigate the day as lead archaeologist! Now you and your crew can study the artifacts removed from the archaeological feature and what those artifacts say about the people who once lived there.
If you are interested in seeing what the CAP summer crew found at Spartan Village, you can look at them [[here|Spartan Village Artifacts]].##Oh no!!!
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/stressed%20man.jpg" alt= "Oh no!!! Photo credit: [[The American Institute of Stress, n.d.|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 100%;">
<div class="caption">Oh no!!! Photo credit: [[The American Institute of Stress, n.d.|Twine References]]</div>
Although your team put so much effort into creating an excavation pit so that you could note the context for each artifact, by not immediately tagging the artifacts, you lost all of the context. Now you can't analyze the artifacts in the lab.
Click [[here|Begin here]] to begin again!##What are artifacts?
I hate to tell you, but if you're looking for dinosaur bones, you are in the wrong place! You should head to the paleontology department if digging dinosaur bones is more your speed.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/7ff969246e5227ca3afbc95cccd336857d4bbfbc/THIS%20ONE%20DINO.png" alt= "Archaeologists don't dig dinosaurs! Photo credit: [[Nebraska Archaeology, n.d.|Twine References]]" style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">Archaeologists don't dig dinosaurs! Photo credit: [[Nebraska Archaeology, n.d.|Twine References]]</div>
As archaeologists, we excavate artifacts. Artifacts are human made objects that hold a cultural and/or historical interest. They can be found in any place where humans lived. Archaeologists use artifacts to answer questions about the people who left the artifacts behind.
Artifacts are different than archaeological features. To learn more about the difference between the two, click here (link: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=1044")[(goto-url: "http://campusarch.msu.edu/?p=1044")]
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/N.Schrader-CAP.SpartanVillage_06092021-45.jpg" alt= "The toy car excavated from the cistern at Spartan Village. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">The toy car excavated from the cistern at Spartan Village. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved.</div>
If you are interested in seeing what the CAP summer crew found at Spartan Village, you can look at them [[here|Spartan Village Artifacts]].##Spartan Village artifacts
During the survey and excavation, artifacts were left in situ (in the place where it was found) and photos were taken:
<img src= "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/bird%20bath%20.jpg" alt= "This photograph is of the birdbath in situ at Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 60%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph is of the birdbath in situ at Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/088_Spartan%20Village%20Monitoring_EU%201%20Lv%201_in%20siut%20artifact.JPG" alt= "This photograph is of the toy gun in situ in the Spartan Village cistern. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph is of the toy gun in situ in the Spartan Village cistern. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
Sometimes, artifacts are found in the shifter. When that happens, we cannot take photos of the artifact in situe. That was the case with the toy car, pictured in the field, here:
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/N.Schrader-CAP.SpartanVillage_06092021-45.jpg?raw=true" alt= "This photograph is of the toy car from Spartan Village cistern. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph is of the toy car from Spartan Village cistern. Photographed by Nick Schrader, IPF Visual Communications Manager. ©Nick Schrader, All Rights Reserved.</div>
Here are some photos of the cleaned artifacts found at Spartan Village after recovery:
1. The first pictured did not come from the cistern, but close by: a potential bird bath.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/SV_Flower%20pot_02.JPG" alt= "This photograph is of the birdbath from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 50%; transform: rotate(-90deg)"><div class="caption">This photograph is of the birdbath from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/SV_Flower%20pot_03.JPG" alt= "This photograph is another view of the birdbath from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph is another view of the birdbath from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
2. The second artifact pictured was the first artifact brought out of the cistern: a toy car. The toy car was found during shifting, showing the importance of shifting through every bucketful of dirt that comes out of the ground.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/SV_Toy%20car_02.JPG" alt= "This photograph is of the toy car from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 50%; transform: rotate(90deg)">
<div class="caption">This photograph is of the toy car from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/right%20one%20SV_Toy%20car_07.JPG" alt= "This photograph is a second view of the toy car from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph is a second view of the toy car from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
3. The third pictured is a toy gun. The toy gun was located in the wall of the unit. A photo was taken of the toy gun in situ (in the place where it was found), as well as in the lab.
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/348b649e2776a85b18be2d31ba5f59e6dbd4536b/SV_Toy%20gun_03.JPG" alt= "This photograph is of the toy gun from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph is of the toy gun from Spartan Village in the lab. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
Additional artifacts found included nondescript bottles and jars, nails, medicine bottles, window glass fragments, white improved earthenware, stoneware, yellowware, ferrous metal, and plastic [[(Akey and Burnett, 2021)|Twine References]]. ##Twine references
Akey, Benjamin
(In prep) "Historic Farmsteads Summary: MSU Land Acquisitions 1855-1935", Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Akey, Benjamin and Jeff Burnett
(2021) "Spartan Village Survey: Archaeological Report", CAP Report No. 87, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Bies, Robert J.
(2014) "10 trips for delivering bad news", Website, CNBC, Washington D.C., United States. https://www.cnbc.com/2014/03/20/-delivering-bad-newscommentary.html
Camp, Stacey
(2021a) "2020 Activities Report", CAP Report, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Camp, Stacey
(2021b) "Laboratory Processing Manual", CAP Manual, Manuscript, MSU Campus Archaeology, East Lansing, MI.
Communique PR staff
(2013) "The Forgotten Power of the Phone Call", Website, Seattle, WA. https://www.communiquepr.com/the-forgotten-power-of-the-phone-call/5063/
Gasdia-Cochrane, Marlene
(2020) "A Pot of Gold Articles", Website, ThermoFisher Scientific.
kyPhrase
(2022) "The Early Bird Gets The Worm", Website. https://knowyourphrase.com/the-early-bird-gets-the-worm
Larkin, Elizabeth
(2021) "How to Set Up a Home Filing System", Website. https://www.thespruce.com/organizing-a-home-filing-system-2648257
Ludlum, Jeff
(2016) "Whoops...That's Life...Keep Going", Website. https://halffullallgood.com/2016/06/20/whoops-thats-life-keep-going/
National Trust
(n.d.) "How to read a compass", Website, Swindon, England. https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/how-to-read-a-compass
Nebraska Archaeology
(n.d.) "Activities for Young Archaeologists", Website, NE. https://nebraskaarchaeology.org/resources/activities-for-young-archaeologists/
FPrimeC
(2016) "What is Ground Penetrating Radar", Website, FPrimeC Solutions Inc., Oshawa-Ontario, Canada. https://www.fprimec.com/gpr-subsurface-scanning/
The American Institute of Stress
(n.d.) "Stress in Adults", Website, The American Institute of Stress, Weatherford, TX. https://www.stress.org/menwomen
US Radar
(2019) "Archaeological Applications for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)", Website, US Radar Inc.: Subsurface Imaging Systems, Morganville, NJ. https://usradar.com/gpr-ground-penetrating-radar-applications/archaeology/]##Ground penetrating radar...
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/e3ceae91bddb8cc3da05643dcf481cfe2d2e10ad/GPR-Ground-Penetrating-Radar-Soil.jpg" alt= "An image of an archaeologist conducting a GPR survey. Photo credit: [[FPrimeC, 2016|Twine References]]." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">An image of an archaeologist conducting a GPR survey. Photo credit: [[FPrimeC, 2016|Twine References]].</div>
Or GPR for short, is a tool that archaeologists use to help identify potential archaeological sites to excavate without ever breaking ground. While GPR does not provide an exact model of what is beneath the ground, by taking several passes over the area of interest, archaeologists can develop a better idea of where exactly the object of interest is [[(US Radar, 2019)|Twine References]].
In the case of Spartan Village, the CAP crew first GPR surveyed sites of interest found by a previous conductivity survey:
<img src="https://github.com/MSU-CAP/Archaeology-Twine/blob/main/Spartan%20Village%20Geophys%20survey.png?raw=true" alt= "The geophysical survey of Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">The geophysical survey of Spartan Village. Photo credit: MSU CAP.</div>
1. Grid one was thought to be a possible disturb foundation.
2. Grid two was thought to be a possible pit, well, or privy feature.
By using GPR, CAP crew could gain more detailed images than the conductivity survey, allowing them to pick out Grid 1 and Grid 2 for shovel test surveys [[(Akey and Burnett, 2021)|Twine References]]. <img src= "https://projects.kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/162-565-3999/A001133.jpg" alt= "This photograph shows seven male students standing at the entrance of College Hall. The text on the back reads: West Side College Hall 1892. Image courtesy of MSU Archives and Historical Collections." style="max-width: 70%;">
<div class="caption">This photograph shows students standing at the entrance of College Hall. The text on the back reads: "West Side College Hall 1892." Image courtesy of MSU Archives and Historical Collections.</div>